lunes, 29 de agosto de 2011

Activity#2 Technological Innovations- Team 2- Francachela

The pen

Pen´s History
Due to the expansion of Christianity and the need to expand the teaching of doctrine, written documents were increasing, which led to the books of papyrus rolls and reed pens.
Later, around the sixth century it began to use quill pens, which were the outer feathers of the wings of birds. The most valuable were made of duck, swan, crow or turkey feathers.
The quill pen was made by heat hardening or dried, cuting the tip, beveled with a special "knife".
By the thirteenth century attempts were made to manufacture of horn, tortoise shell, precious stone and bronze because of the need of a fine tip.
In 1803, English engineer Bryan Donkin patented the first steel pen. From the manufacture of bronze quill feathers fell into disuse.
In 1829 came the steel nibs, and became popular years later.
In 1884, an insurance agent in New York, Lewis Waterman patented the first fountain pen with ink tank. Waterman invented a device that supplies ink to the tip of the nib by capillary action, causing the ink to flow evenly while writing. He brought a major change in the speed of writing, it allowed to write without having to be recharged constantly. The ink was housed in a tank inside and flowed through the nib to the paper.

Pen´s variations

Style

• Used in engraving techniques, formerly made of bone, wood and metal.

Digital style

• Drawing, writing and "painting" on the peripheral digitizers (tablets and screens).

• Driver program that simulates the sensitivity of the tip on the digital surface; with the help of graphical programs, it allows to simulate media, paintings, instruments and techniques.

• It is used in the simulation of the linear stroke in the industry of computer-assisted editing.

Calamus

• It was made with the stem of the plant and is prepared by one of the ends in the form of tip triangular (to allow the ink to flow, and produce a thin line).

• In our time it is used for sketching with ink and to simulate ancient calligraphy.

Pen

• Represents the improvement of the calamus, developed with feathers of the wings of birds, specially the goose by its slight flexibility and silent stroke.

• It has been replaced by the nib and the pen source.

Nibs and feathers source

• The current instruments to implement ink are the derivation of the styles, capes and cálamos.

Nib (pen)

• It is made of alloys such as bronze and stainless steel, which is attached to a handle.

• Allows all types of inks.



Pens

Or pen source, incorporates a reservoir of ink and a mechanism that allows the controlled and continuous flow of fluid.

• Are created for fine writing.

• Require smooth surfaces.

Marker nib

Made of spongy material when the tip is thick and flexible is called marker.

Inks are usually based on alcohol and water.

They allow applying ink to all kinds of smooth and rough surfaces.

Pens and estilógrafos

Pen

• Created to write.

• Replace the traditional metal pen and the pen source.

• Its further development is the improvement of the ink, creating a diversification.


Estilógrafo

While the tip ends in a very thin cylinder, it does not end like a ball pen.

Requires that the tip is perpendicular with respect to the surface, limiting the thickness of the stroke to the diameter of the tip.

Designed for flood technical drawings.



Disposable estilógrafo

Combine the characteristics of the marker nib, pen, and the estilógrafo.

Allows the slanted stroke and the perpendicular stroke; on smooth and rough surfaces.



Technology in pens
The Microsoft Research Center in Asia has developed a new version of electronic pen - a technological breakthrough that allows you to switch between paper and screen without removing your pen.
This "universal pen" can be written on paper and simultaneously see their comments appear on the screen of your computer. Unlike the well-known electronic pens, which allow you to write on a computer screen or on paper mail, this invention uses normal ink, write on plain paper and allows users combine handwritten text with graphics and images made by digital means.
The scientist responsible for this new technological advance called Jian Wang who works for the team of researchers from Microsoft's Beijing Lab
The new electronic pen works with a small digital camera, a pressure sensor, a radio Buetooth and a memory chip. While the user writes on paper, the tiny camera captures images of the ink. The paper has a background that is printed with the written document that allows the computer to use a code to find out exactly where the ink on the paper. The computer receives the wireless image sequences and reconstructs the handwriting in the corresponding area on the digital file of the document. Then, with the usual tools of any word processor, the user can modify the style and format of the text of the document.

Life without Industrial Engineers- Team 2- Francachela


Activity#3 Video a life without engineers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W4r02pg0tM

viernes, 26 de agosto de 2011

Activity #2 Technological Innovation


DIGITAL CAMERA

The digital camera is a device that has evolved and is a clear example of technology changing now underway in our days. Since its inception in 1974 with the invention of the CCD and the modification of lens and memories, the digital camera has been modified and evolved into the gadget we have. Starting from 1969 The Bell’s laboratories in the USA, invented the CCD able of transmitting electrical charges. This allowed the scientists to modify it in order to make a CCD able of taking images and keep them.


For 1974 many companies had done with the rights of the CCD, which offered pixels 100x100.This was thanks to Willard Boyle and George Smith. Although the Sony Mavica (Magnetic Video Camera) is considered by many the first digital camera, during the decade of the 70 Texas Instruments patented the system electronics and photography pioneer Kodak entered the scene by presenting the prototype of the first operating chamber with a CCD.

In 1975 the engineer Steve Sasson created the first digital camera, initiating a revolution on digital images, this one kept pictures on a tape cassette and took, 23 seconds to capture its first photograph in December , also it integrated electronic systems, visual sensors, backup systems and digital information processing, in cassettes. The “Mavica camera” was developed by SONY in 1981; they used removable disks as their main recording media.

Following this, many manufacturers interest in new sensors, such like Casio and Panasonic, Fujifilm ES-1 and Nikon SVC presented this one’s as their first prototypes inventions. The Fujifilm DS-1P also introduced flash-removable memory for storing images in 1988 also they were the first to replace magnetic storage of images on a memory card that stored the digitized data.The tiny Sony DSC-F55 (2.1 MP), meanwhile, is the first camera that used Memory Stick as a storage mass. In 2000 the Nikon D1, integrates the best digital technology of time.

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Video of the Digital Camera :http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Zl0lDp2qjK0


Activity#2 Technological Innovations

Barcode



The barcode is one of the most important technologic
innovations in the world. And this invention is used worldwide to have a better
organization and a better selling system in the entire world. And every day
barcodes are used for a faster and easier way to manage things and to transfer
in quick way information that will describe the thing that is being scanned. We
can mention the most known example that is the barcode used for selling product
of any type of industry, or the use of the barcode for scanning the “pin” from
a blackberry.




At first it was for military use only, having a better
administration in weapons. But then it was applied in normal life, having a
revolutionary change in the way the people could administrate, manage, and
manipulate things or processes.




The way Bernard Silver (developer/creator) started
thinking a result for the problem his chief had planned him, make this
invention very interesting because by his creative thinking he developed a new
way to have a better system in product information during the checkout of the
company. That some years later became
very common in everyone’s daily life. 



Brief Video of how they work: http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=e6aR1k-ympo

Activity#2 Technological Innovations











Lens

A lens is an optical object with approximate or perfect axial symmetry which reflects and transmits light. It can diverge or converge the light beam. A simple lens, also called elements, consists of a single optical element made of glass or transparent plastic. In other hand a compound or complex one is a series or simple lenses or elements with a common axis.

The monocles were the first type of lens. The biggest innovation about monocles was the convenience they had, since they were compact and, unlike what most people believed, comfortable if properly customized. They lens were held by a metal frame which later on received its own modifications in order to make it even more comfortable. One of these improvements included a little extension which allowed the monocle to be held in place without touching the eyelashes. Finally one of the last improvements made was in fact to make the monocles frameless therefore making them cheaper thanks to the absence of an expensive metal frame.



Then they appear the glasses …



Glasses are frames holding lenses worn in front of the eyes. They are normally used for vision correction or eye protection. Safety glasses are a kind of eye protection against flying debris or against visible and near visible light or radiation. Sunglasses allow better vision in bright daylight, and may protect against damage from high levels of ultraviolet light. Other types of glasses may be used for viewing visual information or simply just for fashion purposes.

Finally contact lens appear…


A contact lens is a corrective, cosmetic, or therapeutic lens usually placed on the cornea of the eye. Leonardo da Vinci is credited with describing and sketching the first ideas for contact lenses in 1508, but it was more than 300 years later before contact lenses were actually fabricated and worn on the eye.

n 1887, the German engineer Adolf Gaston Eugen Fick constructed and fitted the first successful contact lens. While working in Zürich, he described fabricating afocal scleral contact shells. Experimentally fitting them: initially on rabbits, then on himself, and lastly on a small group of volunteers. These lenses were made from heavy blown glass and were 18–21mm in diameter.

Functions

Corrective contact lenses- designed to improve vision.

Cosmetic contact lens- is designed to change the appearance of the eye. These lenses may also correct the vision, but some obstruction of vision may occur as a result of the color or design.

Types

Daily wear (DW) - designed to be removed when you go to sleeping.

Extended wear (EW)- contact lens is designed for continuous overnight wear, typically for 6 or more consecutive nights.

Intraocular lenses- are special small corrective lenses surgically implanted in the osterior chamber behind the iris and in front of the lens to correct higher degrees of myopia and hyperopia.