Activity#3 Life without civil engineers

Activity#2 Technological Innovations- Team 2- Francachela

The pen

Pen´s History

Due to the expansion of Christianity and the need to expand the teaching of doctrine, written documents were increasing, which led to the books of papyrus rolls and reed pens.

Later, around the sixth century it began to use quill pens, which were the outer feathers of the wings of birds. The most valuable were made of duck, swan, crow or turkey feathers.

The quill pen was made by heat hardening or dried, cuting the tip, beveled with a special "knife".

By the thirteenth century attempts were made to manufacture of horn, tortoise shell, precious stone and bronze because of the need of a fine tip.

In 1803, English engineer Bryan Donkin patented the first steel pen. From the manufacture of bronze quill feathers fell into disuse.

In 1829 came the steel nibs, and became popular years later.

In 1884, an insurance agent in New York, Lewis Waterman patented the first fountain pen with ink tank. Waterman invented a device that supplies ink to the tip of the nib by capillary action, causing the ink to flow evenly while writing. He brought a major change in the speed of writing, it allowed to write without having to be recharged constantly. The ink was housed in a tank inside and flowed through the nib to the paper.

Pen´s variations

Style

• Used in engraving techniques, formerly made of bone, wood and metal.

Digital style

• Drawing, writing and "painting" on the peripheral digitizers (tablets and screens).

• Driver program that simulates the sensitivity of the tip on the digital surface; with the help of graphical programs, it allows to simulate media, paintings, instruments and techniques.

• It is used in the simulation of the linear stroke in the industry of computer-assisted editing.

Calamus

• It was made with the stem of the plant and is prepared by one of the ends in the form of tip triangular (to allow the ink to flow, and produce a thin line).

• In our time it is used for sketching with ink and to simulate ancient calligraphy.

Pen

• Represents the improvement of the calamus, developed with feathers of the wings of birds, specially the goose by its slight flexibility and silent stroke.

• It has been replaced by the nib and the pen source.

Nibs and feathers source

• The current instruments to implement ink are the derivation of the styles, capes and cálamos.

Nib (pen)

• It is made of alloys such as bronze and stainless steel, which is attached to a handle.

• Allows all types of inks.

Pens

• Or pen source, incorporates a reservoir of ink and a mechanism that allows the controlled and continuous flow of fluid.

• Are created for fine writing.

• Require smooth surfaces.

Marker nib

• Made of spongy material when the tip is thick and flexible is called marker.

• Inks are usually based on alcohol and water.

• They allow applying ink to all kinds of smooth and rough surfaces.

Pens and estilógrafos

Pen

• Created to write.

• Replace the traditional metal pen and the pen source.

• Its further development is the improvement of the ink, creating a diversification.

Estilógrafo

• While the tip ends in a very thin cylinder, it does not end like a ball pen.

• Requires that the tip is perpendicular with respect to the surface, limiting the thickness of the stroke to the diameter of the tip.

• Designed for flood technical drawings.

Disposable estilógrafo

• Combine the characteristics of the marker nib, pen, and the estilógrafo.

• Allows the slanted stroke and the perpendicular stroke; on smooth and rough surfaces.

Technology in pens

The Microsoft Research Center in Asia has developed a new version of electronic pen - a technological breakthrough that allows you to switch between paper and screen without removing your pen.

This "universal pen" can be written on paper and simultaneously see their comments appear on the screen of your computer. Unlike the well-known electronic pens, which allow you to write on a computer screen or on paper mail, this invention uses normal ink, write on plain paper and allows users combine handwritten text with graphics and images made by digital means.

The scientist responsible for this new technological advance called Jian Wang who works for the team of researchers from Microsoft's Beijing Lab

The new electronic pen works with a small digital camera, a pressure sensor, a radio Buetooth and a memory chip. While the user writes on paper, the tiny camera captures images of the ink. The paper has a background that is printed with the written document that allows the computer to use a code to find out exactly where the ink on the paper. The computer receives the wireless image sequences and reconstructs the handwriting in the corresponding area on the digital file of the document. Then, with the usual tools of any word processor, the user can modify the style and format of the text of the document.

Life without Industrial Engineers- Team 2- Francachela

Activity#3 Video a life without engineers

http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1W4r02pg0tM

Life without Chemical Engineers/ Team 6/ PC5021.wmv

Life without civil engineers

Life without industrial Engineers-- Team 5